DISNEY ON 42ND STREET? The mind boggles. In February 1994, when the Walt Disney Co. an­nounced it would be staging theatrical productions on “the Deuce”—the porn-plagued, drug-infested, crime-ridden block of 42nd Street between Times Square and Eighth Avenue in Manhattan—pundits took it for a joke. A full-page New Yorker cartoon had Bart Simpson smoking dope and Betty Boop running for her life beneath billboards touting the Aladdin Hashish Emporium, Goofy’s Massage Parlor, and Mickey Mouse and Daisy Duck in Hot Lips (Unfeathered Version). Then there was David Letterman’s top ten list of upcoming productions: Hookers of the Caribbean, Beauty and the Bobbitt, . . .

But Disney chairman Michael Eisner didn’t see it that way. From Team Disney headquarters in Bur­bank, 42nd Street wasn’t the den of depravity it had become to New Yorkers; it was the Main Street U.S.A. of show business, complete with its own jingle from the 1933 Busby Berkeley musical. “I think the Disney brand is going to be enhanced by being on 42nd Street,” Eisner insists. “It’s a magic word and a magic place.”

With the last of the peep shows now shuttered and the marquees that once advertised XXX adult features coming down, Eisner may have the last laugh. For $36 million—most of it in state and city loans at 3% interest—Disney is getting the showplace of Broadway, a turn-of-the-century fantasy setting for signature productions like Beauty and the Beast. Better yet, the landmark New Amsterdam Theater will be the centerpiece of one of the most intensively developed entertainment strips in the world, a $1.8 billion complex of theaters, cinemas, stores, restaurants, game parlors, offices, and hotels flanking Times Square. Though most of the block now lies eerily deserted, beneath their patina of neglect the street’s once dazzling theaters lie strangely untouched, as if waiting for their moment. Sleeping Beauty metaphors come to mind.

For Disney, which last year (before its $19 billion acquisition of Capital Cities/ABC) earned $1.4 billion on $12 billion in revenues, the investment in 42nd Street is negligible financially. In terms of visibility, however, it ranks not too far behind buying Cap Cities and hiring Michael Ovitz as president. It’s also significant strategically: A company known for developing vast, greenfield theme parks is venturing into a brownfield site long cursed with one of the highest crime rates in Manhattan.

CERTAINLY THERE’S IRONY IN DISNEY, the quintessential merchandisers of pop-culture inno­cence, coming to 42nd Street, which even in its heyday was everything Walt was not. One fact captures the gulf between Disney and New York: Three years ago, when Disney planners first looked at 42nd Street, their initial impulse was to gate it. They forgot that just across Eighth Avenue is the Port Authority Bus Terminal, a point of entry for 180,000 daily commuters. “We do have some genetic instincts,” admits a sheepish Peter Rummell, chairman of Walt Disney Imagineering. “But then we realized that half of New Jersey has to travel 42nd Street to get to work.”

The question for Disney is, Will America travel 42nd Street to play? The Rouse Co.’s success with “festival marketplaces” in cities like Boston and Baltimore augurs well. Disney executives—who seem more preoccupied with ABC’s entertainment problems than with 42nd Street’s—won’t discuss financial expectations for Times Square or for similar efforts they’re planning elsewhere. But at least they’re not expecting another Disneyland Paris—which lost $1.3 billion in its first 30 months, thanks to poor planning, overbuilding, inept marketing (a French resort without wine?), rising interest rates, high prices, and lousy weather. “The only jeopardy for us,” says Rummell, “would be if urban entertainment got so big that people said, ‘We don’t have to go to Walt Disney World this year.’ This is designed to be an alternative, not a substitute.”

There are other jeopardies, of course. Exposure on 42nd Street could tarnish the Disney brand—a possibility Eisner brushes aside impatiently, and one the company has gone to great pains to eliminate. Or Disney could damage 42nd Street, slicking it up with the ersatz charm of Universal Studios’ CityWalk, the $100 million urban simulacrum in Los Angeles. Or the street’s appeal could fade as crime worsens and technology makes the couch-potato life ever more enticing.

Disney is betting that won’t happen. “People want to be with people,” says architect and Disney board member Robert A.M. Stern. “Why do we think Starbucks is such a success? Don’t we think you can make coffee at home?” As for crime, that can happen anywhere. When CityWalk opened three years ago, MCA executives heralded it as the safe-shopping alternative to Melrose Avenue, the real-life street of trendy boutiques and upscale restaurants: “I don’t need the excitement of dodging bullets to go there,” CityWalk’s leasing agent said of Melrose. CityWalk has since become known as a gang hangout; last year one of its garages was the scene of a grisly double murder on Mother’s Day. A vibrant urban environment, some argue, is actually safer than a synthetic, isolated one. “There’d have to be a hell of a lot of hooligans to take over midtown Manhattan,” Stern maintains.

THOUGH DISNEY IS OFTEN VIEWED AS A PREDATOR, it was Stern—polished and urbane, his pin­stripes set off by the subtlest of Mickey Mouse ties—who led the com­pany to 42nd Street. With six theme parks operat­ing around the world and a seventh killed by opposi­tion (Dis­ney’s America, the animatronic his­tory­land set for the out­skirts of Wash­ing­ton, D.C.), the move has a certain logic. As Stern puts it, “How many theme parks can the world have?”

Forty‑Second Street is like no other in the world. River to river, it’s studded with land­marks: the glass-and-marble United Nations head­quarters, the art deco Chrys­ler Building, Grand Cen­tral Terminal, the New York Pub­lic Library, the bustle of Times Square. At the junc­ture of Broad­way and Seventh Avenue, just after the turn of the cen­tury, show busi­ness as we know it took form. Sophie Tucker, “the last of the red-hot mamas,” debuted at the New Amster­dam in the Zieg­feld Follies of 1909. William Morris, vaude­ville impresario and founder of the talent agency, introduced Charlie Chap­lin at his now-demolished American Music Hall; in the audience was Mack Sennett, an aspiring director who resolved to put Chap­lin in pictures. Marcus Loew, who went on to form Loew’s Inc. and its Holly­wood sub­sidiary, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, soon took over Morris’s theater, while Loew’s former partner, Adolph Zukor, moved into the building now known as One Times Square to form the company that eventually became Paramount.

Then talkies and the Depression hit, and 42nd Street, once dominated by vaudeville and legitimate theater, grew chock-a-block with burlesque houses, flea circuses, and cut-rate movie palaces. In the Fifties, as the middle class fled to the suburbs and stayed home to watch television, the area turned increasingly seedy; by 1969, when Dustin Hoffman played down-and-out “Ratso” Rizzo in Midnight Cowboy, it was synonymous with sleaze.

Urban renewal schemes came and went. In 1987, when Times Square seemed about to be paved with enormous office towers, Stern was commissioned to figure out what to do with the theaters that lined 42nd Street. Because of Eisner’s close ties to the city—he grew up on Park Avenue and started out as a page at NBC—Disney emerged early on as a candidate to help redevelop the block. But when Stern, who’d once designed an East Side penthouse for Eisner’s parents, mentioned the street to Eisner, he was told to come back in ten years.

By this time, the real estate market had collapsed and the office towers seemed dead. Then Stern went to work on another plan. Earlier schemes had relied on office construction to “clean up” the area; Stern wanted to use tourism and entertainment to return 42nd Street to the hurly-burly of its apex. To redevelop the theaters, the state and city formed a private, nonprofit corporation and got New York Times publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr.—whose headquarters overlooks the sleaze—to persuade his aunt, civic activist Marian Heiskell, to chair it.

Heiskell, a formidable woman who has known Eisner since he was 4, got no further with him than Stern had. Once, seated next to him at a dinner party at the Eisners’ house in Beverly Hills, she even pulled out a map and said how wonderful it would be if Disney came to New York. He demurred, although he did send a couple of people to look at the block. “He was being polite,” Heiskell says now. “He had said all along that he didn’t want to be involved in cities.”

Something else Eisner didn’t want to be involved in: Broadway. Disney executives had considered staging theatrical productions even before Eisner took over as chairman in 1984. He rejected the idea: too risky, and not the core business. Instead, he and Disney Studios chief Jeffrey Katzenberg focused on reviving the company’s slumbering film and television operations and, with Roy Disney, on reestablishing its tarnished name in animation. But with the phenomenal success in 1991 of Beauty and the Beast, their thinking changed. Suddenly Disney had the highest-grossing animated feature of all time; it also had years of experience putting on shows at the theme parks. Stage productions seemed like a good way to leverage the brand.

A new operation was set up in the film division: Walt Disney Theatrical Productions, headed by Bob McTyre, a theater veteran who’d spent years running entertainment at Disneyland. But when McTyre started looking for a theater, he found many of the choicest venues occupied by other long-running musical spectacles—most of them, it seemed, by Andrew Lloyd Webber. So for much the same reason Disney later bought Cap Cities/ABC—to guarantee a distribution channel—it started scouting Broadway real estate.

One day in March 1993, Eisner was in Stern’s office when he asked what was happening on 42nd Street. Within 20 minutes, Stern’s assistants had assembled a model of the entire block. Eisner said he’d like to see the New Amsterdam. The next morning, armed with flashlights and hardhats, the two ventured into the abandoned theater. They stumbled into something out of the Indiana Jones ride at Disneyland: grand hallways reduced to a water-soaked ruin, stairways half buried in rubble, mushrooms growing out of the floor, a soaring playhouse inhabited by birds. Through the gloom they could make out something that had been described in its day as “a glance into fairyland.” Eisner was enthralled: “I could see what a spectacular place it had been and could be,” he says now.

Stern and Eisner took off for Orlando. From the airport, Stern phoned Rebecca Robertson, president of the 42nd Street Development Project, the state agency in charge of the block. “Rebecca,” he said, “do whatever you have to to get these people.”

Robertson phoned Burbank. She learned that Disney had two immediate concerns: Could the seating be expanded from 1,600 to 1,800? And was restoration actually feasible? Within days she’d hired Tishman Realty & Construction, the New York firm that built the World Trade Center and renovated Carnegie Hall, to do a cost estimate.

DISNEY AND TISHMAN GO WAY BACK. Tishman built Epcot Center and the Hilton at Walt Dis­ney World Village, and it was about to start another hotel when Eisner took command in 1984. An archi­tec­ture buff from childhood, Eisner quickly shook things up in Burbank by suggesting that a hotel they were thinking about building there be done to look like Mickey Mouse. He was not impressed with the standard-issue box Tishman was planning for Disney World.

Out of the ensuing flap was born “entertainment architecture”—the idea that buildings should be iconic, that they should tell a story, that they should entertain people. “What Michael is trying to do is make every building say something about Disney culture,” explains Stern. In Orlando, that meant hiring Michael Graves to turn Tishman’s box into the Dolphin and the Swan, a $375-million-plus hotel complex graced with Busby Berkeley perspectives, fantastically outsize statues, and shell-shaped fountains.

More commissions followed—office buildings at Disney World for Stern and Arata Isozaki; hotels and other structures at Disneyland Paris for Stern, Graves, and Frank Gehry; the Team Disney building in Burbank for Graves. Always the emphasis was on fun. “Michael Graves designed a very nice building” for Team Disney, recalls Wing Chao, Disney’s master planner. “Michael Eisner looked at it and said, ‘How can you make us smile?’” The next time he saw the plans, the pediment of Graves’s severely neoclassical structure was supported by seven 19-foot-high dwarfs.

In the New Amsterdam, with its extravagant art nouveau decor—Wagnerian friezes, sylvan wall reliefs, allegorical murals of Drama and Virtue and Courage—Disney had stumbled onto one of the most remarkable examples of entertainment architecture anywhere. For Beauty and the Beast, a musical fairy tale set in an enchanted castle, a more suitable venue could hardly be imagined. Could Tishman revive it at a reasonable cost? Tishman thought so, although Disney’s Rummell wasn’t looking forward to it: “Have you ever rehabbed your kitchen? Just think about this as a very, very big kitchen rehab.” And the New Amsterdam was only half the challenge. “My reaction was, fabulous theater,” says David Malmuth, the Disney Imagineering executive who took charge of the project, “but the street needs a lotta help.”

In fact, despite its woebegone appearance, the street had a lot going for it. Tourists, for one thing—some 20 million a year, flocking there to see they knew not what, yet eager to feel, to experience, to spend. A newly opened Gap store at 42nd and Broadway was reportedly in the top percentile of Gap outlets in Manhattan, with two-thirds of its sales to tourists. The McDonald’s at 46th and Seventh, just above Times Square, was one of the three highest-grossing in the country. And with most of 42nd Street boarded up, crime on the block was falling dramatically even as pedestrian traffic was rising.

IN SEPTEMBER 1993, city and state officials unveiled Stern’s latest plan, which called for a cacoph­onous mix of loud­speakers, giant bill­boards, and flashing neon to draw crowds late into the night. Where the office towers would have forced Times Square into a corporate straitjacket, Stern’s blue­print pro­claimed the dazzling possibilities of a hyper­kinetic, multi­channel universe. And though it was too late to restore the New Amster­dam for Beauty and the Beast, which was set to open at the Palace in April 1994, Disney’s interest was causing other enter­tain­ment corpora­tions to take notice. Pearson PLC was already looking at One Times Square for Madame Tussaud’s. Now Viacom wanted to turn three theaters into an MTV studio complex, while AMC Enter­tain­ment, the Kansas City-based cinema chain, was readying a proposal for a $53 million, 6,000-seat multiplex just down the street from the New Amsterdam.

Then Disney and Tishman started talking about going in on a hotel-retail-enter­tain­ment develop­­ment at the Eighth Avenue end of the block. The location, diagonally across from the bus ter­minal, was the diciest in the area. Undeterred, Stern took Eisner to the bus terminal at rush hour. “I think he expected to find ‘Ratso’ Rizzo on the front steps,” Stern recalls. Instead he saw thousands of office workers in business suits. The terminal wasn’t the problem—but if you didn’t deal with Eighth Avenue, 42nd Street would still be mired in sleaze.

If anchoring Eighth Avenue made sense from a defensive point of view, it also offered new business opportunities for Disney’s theme parks and resorts division, now approaching global saturation. “The draw of Walt Disney World and of Disneyland is so big that if we built a third billion-and-a-half-dollar theme park somewhere in the U.S., it would be like eating our young,” says Rummell. “So if you’re a public company and you’re committed to growth and you have an expertise in storytelling and placemaking, are there ways you can do that at less than a billion-dollar level?”

THIS QUESTION PRESUMABLY GAINED URGENCY as Disney ran into trouble launching new theme parks. Disney­land Paris finally eked out a $23 million profit (according to French accounting procedures, which are less stringent than their American counterparts) in fiscal 1995, but not before Disney reduced its stake from 49% to 39%. Then there was Disney’s America, which was supposed to go up in the Virginia hunt country—until it got ridden out of town by the Washington Post, with tar and feathers from the likes of William Styron, David McCullough, and James McPherson.

Disney officials deny that these debacles fed their appetite for smaller entertainment opportunities. “It’s got nothing to do with that at all,” Eisner insists. Nonetheless, Disney’s operating income from theme parks and resorts has grown less than fivefold since Eisner took over, while income from consumer products has increased almost ten times and filmed entertainment earnings have mul­tiplied an astonishing 448 times. Little wonder, then, that Disney has been thinking differently.

Disney Cruise Lines is set to begin operations in Florida in 1998. The Disney Vacation Club, a time-share organ­ization, is constructing units in places like Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, and Newport Beach, California. Disney Quest, a virtual-reality arcade experience, is soon to be an­nounced. Complementing these ventures are Dis­ney Theatrical, the engine that drove Disney to 42nd Street, and the Disney Stores, some 450 of which are now open around the globe.

“We are creating a series of products that are Disney-branded—smaller-than-a-theme-park products you can put on a 42nd Street anywhere in the world,” Rummell explains. On Chicago’s State Street, for example: Disney recently made a deal for the old Chicago Theater on that once grand thor­oughfare, and it’s been in talks about other properties nearby. “There are probably other places—I’m not going to tell you where—that fit this same description,” says Rummell. “Places that were wonderful that aren’t wonderful anymore. But the question in these urban environments really becomes, Is there a way you can have enough control? Because we are control freaks.”

Control is what Disney got by joining Tishman on its bid to develop the Eighth Avenue end of 42nd Street. Disney was thinking about building a Vacation Club, and maybe putting a Disney Quest in the entertainment complex. But it wasn’t an equity partner, and it was making no commitments as a tenant. Essentially, Disney offered Tishman its name—a not inconsiderable resource—in exchange for a hand in shaping the proposal.

Tishman was to pick the architect, subject to Disney’s approval. After some discussions with Frank Gehry, John L. Tishman, the company’s 70-year-old chairman, went with Arquitectonica, the Miami Beach firm whose jazzy modernism provided the visual signature for Miami Vice. The proposal they developed was structurally straight­forward—a 45-story hotel tower rising behind a retail base—but it looked like a falling meteor, with a streak of light cleaving the tower in two as it headed for the Vacation Club (a box cantilevered over the base) and an explosion of “pixie dust.” Tishman figured it would be buildable; Eisner liked its impact—especially from the entrance to the New Amsterdam.

In the spring of 1994, with Beauty and the Beast breaking box-office records, Eisner announced that Disney Theatrical would launch a new show each year beginning in 1997—a surprise to the folks at Disney Theatrical. Yet in December, when Disney finally signed a 49-year lease for the New Amsterdam, the deal was still tentative: If two other major entertainment companies weren’t committed to the street by July 1995, Disney could walk. By then, MTV had also taken an option on the theaters across the street, and Madame Tussaud’s was eager to move into One Times Square—the tower where the ball drops on New Year’s Eve—for its interactive wax museum. But within weeks, those two deals and the AMC bid started to unravel.

In March 1995, with nearly two decades of planning and negotiations devolving into a game of chicken, Disney warned that time was running out. But Disney was also working behind the scenes, urging Tussaud’s to look elsewhere on 42nd Street, urging Tussaud’s developer Bruce Ratner to do a deal with AMC. Tishman won the competition for the hotel site—in large part, one of the losers later maintained, because of the Disney name, though by that time Disney was no longer billed as a partner in the development. (The company has since decided to focus on resort areas before trying urban time shares.) The last hurdle popped up when bids to renovate the New Amsterdam came in higher than expected, forcing a renegotiation of the deal.

Hours before the July 15 deadline, everything fell into place—AMC, Madame Tussaud’s, the New Amsterdam. When MTV pulled out, Garth Drabinsky’s Livent, the company that put Show Boat on Broadway, swept in with a $22.5 million plan to combine two vintage theaters. “It was touch and go,” Imagineering’s David Malmuth says now, relaxing over lunch in the airy rotunda of the Team Disney building in Burbank, 2,500 miles away. “The thing that sustained us was the recollection of what it felt like walking into that space—how magical it would be to have that come back to life in a great opening night.”

Disney’s restored New Amsterdam Theater

“THIS IS A DONE STREET!” declares Charles Gar­gano, chair­man of New York’s Empire State De­velop­ment Corp. It may not look done—with most of it still boarded up, what action it can claim is provided by hardhats—but to Gar­gano, it’s all over but the construction. Directly across from the New Amster­dam, the New Vic­tory Theater has already reopened as a non­profit play­house for young people. A steel-and-glass brew pub opens this month at 42nd and Seventh, while the Disney Store across the street should be ready for Christ­mas shoppers. The AMC/Madame Tussaud’s project will be well under way by then, with the Empire Theater, a Beaux Arts masterwork, recycled into a grand lobby for the cineplex. Tishman will have started con­struc­tion on its retail-and-enter­tain­ment strip, now known as E Walk, while over on Times Square, the Durst Organization will be building a new headquarters for the Condé Nast magazine empire. The New Amsterdam is set to open next spring with a rock Aida, by Elton John and Tim Rice, or a King David oratorio, by Alan Menken and Rice, or maybe a stage version of The Lion King, by John and Rice. By the end of 1997, Livent’s theater should be open as well. Even the Port Authority is talking about putting a driving range on the roof.

Forty-Second Street as theme park? It’s had a touch of that from the start: Stern cites Murray’s Roman Gardens, which opened in 1909, as possibly New York’s first themed restaurant. There will be no shortage of themed establishments on the new 42nd Street, and plenty of lessons learned from 40 years of theme-park development—tricks of perspective and scale, architecture as set design. But Disney executives today—like David Malmuth, 41, who grew up in the San Fernando Valley and played in Disneyland as a kid, or Wing Chao, 51, a Chungking native with a master’s in urban design from Harvard—think differently from the generation that created the parks. “I love cities,” says Malmuth. “There’s something about them that can’t be duplicated. What we’re trying to do is bring out the best of that.”

“When cities become tourist destinations, inevitably they share elements of theme parks,” says Witold Rybczynski, professor of urbanism at the University of Pennsylvania and author of City Life. “Venice is entirely that, and it’s still a wonderful place to visit.” The real lesson of theme parks, Rybczynski maintains, is that Americans will pay handsomely to be in an attractive public environment—they just don’t want government to tax them for it. “Disney has enormous credibility with the American people,” Rybczynski says. “Probably more credibility than City Hall.”

Not that Disney could have done it alone: Government planning created the possibility, company officials freely admit, while Disney provided the spark. Forty-two months from now, when the ball drops on the new millennium, that spark will have transformed Times Square. Like Mondrian’s Broadway Boogie-Woogie, which captured in paint New York’s incredible verve during the war years, 42nd Street promises to be a riveting concatenation of elements—the brazen, the classic, the hokey, the alluring, swinging together in a frenzy. Mickey may not be leading the parade, but he’ll be part of the crowd as—Holy cow! Is that Bart Simpson helping Betty Boop out of the subway? ♦